Getting started

Go to the course organization on GitHub: https://github.com/sta-363-s20.
Find the repo starting with hw-01 and that has your team name at the end (this should be the only hw-01 repo available to you).
In the repo, click on the green Clone or download button, select Use HTTPS (this might already be selected by default, and if it is, you’ll see the text Clone with HTTPS as in the image below). Click on the clipboard icon to copy the repo URL.
Go to RStudio Cloud and into the course workspace. Create a New Project from Git Repo. You will need to click on the down arrow next to the New Project button to see this option.
Copy and paste the URL of your assignment repo into the dialog box:
Hit OK, and you’re good to go!

Packages

In this lab we will work with the tidyverse package, the broom package, and the ISLR package. So we need to load them:

library(tidyverse) 
library(broom)
library(ISLR)

Note that this package is also loaded in your R Markdown document.

Housekeeping

Git configuration

⊕Your email address is the address tied to your GitHub account and your name should be first and last name.

Go to the Terminal pane
Type the following two lines of code, replacing the information in the quotation marks with your info.

git config --global user.email "your email"
git config --global user.name "your name"

To confirm that the changes have been implemented, run the following:

git config --global user.email
git config --global user.name

Project name:

Currently your project is called Untitled Project. Update the name of your project to be “HW 01”.

Warm up

Before we begin, let’s warm up with some simple exercises.

YAML:

Open the R Markdown (Rmd) file in your project, change the author name to your name, and knit the document.

Commiting and pushing changes:

Go to the Git pane in your RStudio.
View the Diff and confirm that you are happy with the changes.
Add a commit message like “Update team name” in the Commit message box and hit Commit.
Click on Push. This will prompt a dialogue box where you first need to enter your user name, and then your password.

I collect a set of data (\(n = 100\) observations) containing a single predictor and a quantitative response. I then fit a linear regression model to the data, as well as a separate cubic regression, i.e. \(Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1X + \beta_2X^2 + \beta_3X^3 + \epsilon\).

(1.1) Suppose that the true relationship between X and Y is linear, i.e. \(Y = \beta_0 + \beta_1X + \epsilon\). Consider the training residual sum of squares (RSS) for the linear regression, and also the training RSS for the cubic regression. Would we expect one to be lower than the other, would we expect them to be the same, or is there not enough information to tell? Justify your answer.
(1.2) Answer (1.1) using test rather than training RSS
(1.3) Suppose that the true relationship between X and Y is not linear, but we don’t know how far it is from linear. Consider the training RSS for the linear regression, and also the training RSS for the cubic regression. Would we expect one to be lower than the other, would we expect them to be the same, or is there not enough information to tell? Justify your answer.
(1.4) Answer (1.3) using test rather than training RSS

Using the Auto data from the ISLR package, perform a simple linear regression with mpg as the response and horsepower as the predictor. Is there a relationship between the predictor and the response? How strong is the relationship between the predictor and the response? Is the relationship between the predictor and the response positive or negative? What is the 95% confidence interval? What is the predicted mpg associated with a horsepower of 98?

The code to fit the linear model is provided below.

model <- lm(mpg ~ horsepower, data = Auto)
tidy(model, conf.int = TRUE)

The lm() function fits the linear model. The tidy() function from the broom package takes the model output and puts it into a nice tidy data frame.

Using the Carseats data from the ISLR package, fit a multiple regression model to predict Sales using Price, Urban, and US. Provide an interpretation of each coefficient in the model. Be careful—some of the variables in the model are qualitative. For which of the predictors can you reject the null hypothesis \(H_0 : \beta_j = 0\)?